Civilian Complaint Review Board

Set up in its present manifestation in 1993 under the administration of previous New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins, the Civilian Complaint Review Board declares to be the biggest non military personnel oversight office of its sort inside the United States, and examines a huge number of regular citizen grievances every year. Despite the fact that it has just existed in its present structure for barely 10 years, the origination of a board appointed capacity to examine protests about potential police unfortunate behavior originates before the organization of Robert Wagner, who was answerable for contributing the incipient Civilian Complaint Review Board-which was then contained exclusively of three agent police chiefs with new powers in 1955. Nonetheless, it stayed an area of the NYPD, with all examinations being directed by cops, and their discoveries sent to the appointee chiefs for proposal. In 1965, Mayor John Lindsay would ask previous government judge Lawrence E. Walsh to lead an examination concerning the job of the audit board. He would suggest that individuals from the overall population, non-cops, be given considerable expert in any new non military personnel grievance survey board. In this manner, Lindsay structured a hunt advisory group entrusted with discovering regular people fit to serve on this new audit board, which was led by previous Attorney General Herbert Brownell. After much discussion and resistance to the proposition from the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association-Mayor Lindsay chose to delegate four regular people to the reconstituted board. This provoked rivals of the recently upgraded board to battle for a city polling form recommendation that would have illegal any immediate non military personnel oversight of formally dressed cops in New York City. The measure was established by a staggering edge, and the survey board by and by went under the sole domain of the New York Police Department. In 1986, the New York City Council instituted a bit of enactment that called for forcing some level of non military personnel oversight indeed, which prompted the arrangement of six new individuals by the chairman with the exhortation and assent of the City Council-and six by the police official. The Civilian Complaints Investigative Bureau at that point started to enlist regular people to research protests stopped against the NYPD, however did as such with the oversight of police division specialists and representatives. The episode that aroused a few individuals from the political body politic and certain portions of people in general behind the development for an all-regular citizen administrative board happened on August 6, 1988, where people fighting a time limitation forced over Tompkins Square Park were coercively expelled from the premises. The Civilian Complaint Review Board charged an examination concerning this occurrence, and distributed a report that was very disparaging of NYPD lead during that showdown. Pundits of inner police techniques utilized the Tompkins Square â€Å"riots† so as to press for an all-regular citizen audit board. In 1993 Mayor Dinkins and the New York City Council made the Civilian Complaint Review Board in its present manifestation and contributed it with summon authority, and enabled it to suggest disciplinary measures in situations where police offense were confirmed and validated. Throughout the years, NYPD officials have gone under open investigation with charges of debasement, fierceness, unreasonable utilization of power, and poor gun discipline. [1] Individual episodes have would in general get greater exposure; a part of which have been validated while others have not. The Knapp Commission during the 1970s, and the Mollen Commission in 1994 have prompted changes inside the NYPD intended to improve police responsibility. Anyway as of late, likely because of low pay rates and declining assurance, a lot progressively off the clock NYPD officials are being captured and charged in and outside the city for wrongdoings running from alcoholic heading to manslaughter. [2] One of the division's most awesome instances of debasement was that of Lt. Charles Becker, who holds the questionable differentiation of being the main NYPD official to kick the bucket in the hot seat. Because of rehashed open objection over these and numerous different occurrences, explicitly, the Tompkins Square Riot of the 1988, and the Crown Heights Riot, incited the formation of the Civilian Complaint Review Board[3] (known regularly by its abbreviation, the CCRB) in 1993, an autonomous analytical unit of altogether non military personnel specialists (with some being previous individuals from the NYPD), who research charges of Force, Discourtesy, Offensive Language and Abuse of Authority made by individuals from the general population against individuals from the NYPD. Grievances are made straightforwardly to the CCRB, through the city's 311 data framework, online at nyc. gov/ccrb, or at any Precinct inside as far as possible. This was the third cycle (after an endeavor by Mayor Lindsay and Mayor Koch before to make â€Å"mixed† survey sheets), however was the first to utilize an all regular citizen Board and analytical staff. [4] [edit] Today The CCRB leaves today as a completely free thoughtful division, set up with 100 agents and around twelve random representatives. Also, three officials from the NYPD's Monitoring and Analysis Section of the Department Advocate's Office work with the CCRB at their office at 40 Rector Street. Their job is to give the Investigators access to certain limited NYPD documentation rapidly and proficiently without holding up the extensive handling time frame record demands regularly take (in some cases outliving the course of an examination). The organization is going by the 13 board individuals, who concede everyday operational order to an Executive Director (as of now Ms. Joan Thompson, as of September 18, 2007, officially Ms. Florence Finkle, Esq. , who is then trailed by the First Deputy Executive Director, which was some time ago known as the Assistant Deputy Executive Director before that position was changed into its new structure (this later position stays unfilled). The Agency at that point isolates into a few divisions, the biggest being the Investigative division driven by a Deputy Executive Director of Inves tigations, trailed by four Assistant Deputy Executive Directors of Investigations. Be that as it may, because of spending cuts in 2009, the Deputy Executive Director of Investigations and three of the Assistant Deputy Executive Directors of Investigations were dispensed with, leaving the Examinations division under course of the First Deputy Executive Director and one Assistant Deputy Executive Director of Investigations. [5] The division is then separated into 8 Investigative Teams, drove by an Investigative Manager, alongside a Supervising Investigator and an Assistant Supervising Investigator. At first, there had been 7 Investigative Team Managers, with two groups sharing one administrator, yet in mid 2010, spending slices have constrained the office to rebuild under 6 Investigative Managers. Advancements to Assistant Supervising Investigator and Supervising Investigator are not really allowed to Investigators dependent on residency or rate or consequence of examinations. [5] The rest of the Investigators fall into Level I and Level II, which basically indicates residency, experience and pay grade. The organization is likewise separated into an Administrative Division, which incorporates Human Resources, Information Management Unit and the Case Management Unit (which stores all records of past cases), among others, which is driven by the Deputy Executive Director of Administration. 5] There are then four different directorships, the Research and Strategic Initiatives Director, Mediation Unit Director, Director of Intergovernmental and Legal Affairs, and the Press Secretary. Be that as it may, 2009 spending cuts have likewise caused the Press Secretary and Outreach Unit to be killed. There is likewise a lawyer, Mr. Grahram Daw, Esq. , who fills in as the Agency's lawful di rection. These units praise and serve the Investigations Unit, which goes about as the fundamental point of convergence of the Agency. [5]

Electronic Media And Youth Violence

Electronic Media And Youth Violence Electronic media has overlooked Ethics and Social qualities, amendment of media appropriate for watchers through suggestions for makers and edit board. Media should know about the impacts brought about by their carelessness and the inert blue pencil board. Bareness and rough recordings, dramatizations and cleansers misusing and diverting the adolescent, scenes containing smoking and drinking shots, spreading incorrectly news before time and use of copyrighted film without authorization ought to be halted. One entire age of the world is gaining from electronic media and has adapted totally corrupt and wrong data. This should be forestalled so as to spare next ages. Suggestions are given by talking official makers, blue pencil board administrators and different chiefs. Official Summary Electronic media has overlooked Ethics and Social qualities, modification of media reasonable for watchers through suggestions for makers and control board. Media should know about the impacts brought about by their carelessness and the inert control board. Nakedness and savage recordings, dramatizations and cleansers misusing and diverting the adolescent, scenes containing smoking and drinking shots, spreading incorrectly news before time and utilization of copyrighted film without consent ought to be halted. One entire age of the world is gaining from electronic media and has adapted altogether shameless and erroneous data. This should be forestalled so as to spare next ages. Youth is effortlessly hoodwinked, in light of the fact that it rushes to trust. Aristotle The young is misunderstanding the way by the utilization of this E-Media. Our principle point is to shield our childhood from the risky impacts of E-Media. In E-media we will target explicitly the TV media which is open by the entire family particularly the adolescent. Further in youth TV is generally viewed by the ladies of the family. These impacts are either caused deliberately or by the carelessness of E-media personals. Deliberate impacts are either for the advancement of their channels. The E-Media personals are showing the exploitative dramatizations, either the tales are diverting the young or the locations of the show are upsetting and dishonest. They incite the female and male connections which are viewed as exploitative in our general public. The greater part of the shows and cleansers depend on romantic tales and relations of wedded ladies with youthful folks. Some TV shows are inciting forcefulness in our childhood. We will specify a program of ARY MUSIK named LIVING ON THE EDGE. This program comprises of unscrupulous, indecent and non islamic challenges given to the young people of Pakistan. That is done to incite forcefulness and to carry our childhood to the degree of the dishonest adolescents of western nations. He is attempting to duplicate the projects like FEAR FACTOR, RHOADIES and so on. Also the E-Media personals are inciting bareness. Either that bareness is in full structure or half nakedness. We utilize the term half bareness for the scenes in which ladies or men are wearing inislamic garments. Wearing sleeveless, wearing Capri, revealed hair, uncovered gut and so forth is totally inislamic. Thus we will make reference to certain stations that have purchased the licenses of western film channels and are demonstrating scenes containing kisses and some other deceptive scenes. Channels are ARY DIGITAL who has as of late purchased permit of HBO. In addition there are our link administrators who are indicating dishonest channels at 12 PM and at day time. Research approach depends on meetings and poll. Meetings are led from the media personals which incorporate makers, chiefs, editors and official makers of various TV channels. What's more, surveys are drifted among overall population to accumulate their perspectives about todays E-Media. Dominant part of the individuals have contradicted medias current job. They need it to be improved by some focal body. They need the media to be impartial, dependable and right. Greater amusement channels ought to be presented and number of news channels ought to be diminished as they are making hypertension. Infotainment amount ought to be expanded. Projects inciting hostility ought to be restricted. Media ought not be one-sided. Makers should show the genuine culture of our general public. Channels should enlist their evaluations. Divert proprietors engaged with untrustworthy and indecent airing ought to be punished. Blue pencil board should be made dynamic. Edit board ought to punish the gatherings diverting the young. Blue pencil board should take severe notification of the link administrators. E-Media is a significant area of Pakistan. Alongside the upsides of E-Media there are numerous disservices. These detriments ought to be killed and E-Media ought to be used to its best. Pakistans E-Media has all the ability to be among the best. Henceforth everything is up to blue pencil board. It should be made dynamic and ought to be given the authority of punishing and prohibiting. It should take a genuine notification of the considerable number of exercises did by the E-media personals. Presentation Electronic Media Electronic media are that use gadgets or electromechanical vitality for the end client (crowd) to get to the substance. This is as opposed to static media (chiefly print media), which are regularly made electronically, however dont expect gadgets to be gotten to by the end client in the printed structure. The essential electronic media sources natural to the overall population are otherwise called video accounts, sound chronicles, interactive media introductions, slide introductions, CD-ROM and Online Content. Most new media are as advanced media. Nonetheless, electronic media might be in either simple or computerized position. Gadgets, for example, TVs, PCs and album roms that make data accessible to individuals. Significance In October 2003, the British helpful association Christian Aid discharged a report that $4 billion in Iraqi assets, which had been reserved for recreation of the nation, had vanished. The Coalition Provision Authority (CPA), the U.S. controlled body that managed Iraq at that point, was consigned with dealing with that cash. An assessment of budgetary records between June 2003 and October 2004 demonstrated poor accounting and specialists discovered markers of potential extortion, the report said At the time, the CPA vivaciously denied the allegations. By June 2004, the measure of cash disappeared had dramatically increased from four to just about nine billion dollars. This story was accounted for with insignificant inclusion when the declaration was first discharged. As the examination advanced, the narrative of the missing billions was accounted for a few times throughout the late spring a long time of 2004 and again in January 2005. Be that as it may, it was never given conspicuousness in any news medium. The scholars at Faithful Progressive considered it the greatest and single most under-announced story of the most recent year. News Media and Democracy In a vote based system an educated open is of basic significance. In issues with respect to the personal circumstances of the populace and of the country in general, information is key in settling on choices in regards to interest during the time spent majority rule government. For sure, neglecting to report significant news, or revealing news shallowly, incorrectly, or unjustifiably can leave individuals hazardously clueless. The broad communications of today includes colossal force inside society. What and how data is circulated can have permanent ramifications for people and society all in all. In that capacity, control of news sources is viewed as an esteemed type of property for those looking for political or financial force. Among different wellsprings of intensity, note that broad communications can: draw in and focus on issues, arrangements, or individuals that can support those with power; it can give status and affirm authenticity; it tends to be a channel for influence and assembly (Graber, 33). This speaks to an inconceivable measure of intensity, and in the course of recent years or something like that, individuals have assumed responsibility for these outlets for the sole motivation behind accomplishing both political and financial force. Worldwide In the United States, there are three twenty-four hour news systems. President Bill Clinton expressed it well in a reaction to the topic of the state of todays media. He expressed, The thing I stress over most is that individuals will have all the data on the planet yet wont have any method of assessing itThats what I consider to be the most critical test introduced to every one of you by the blast of news sources in the Information Age. Correlation WITH PRINT MEDIA Lack of education As indicated by United Nations report Pakistan has 55% education rate. This makes it 160th nation in world. In view of low proficiency rate individuals can't peruse the printed news. This gives an edge to electronic media over print media. Media of future Electronic Media has a reasonable edge over print media regardless of whether new media (for eg. The Internet) is excluded from it. Print media is even more a propensity with individuals and still obliges a sizeable populace. Be that as it may, electronic media offers a great deal of decision to the individuals, particularly to the adolescent (GEN Y), the biggest developing section of our populace and all the more significantly, can keep up the pace at which the inclinations and requests of the Gen Y changes. The contracting readership of the print distributions maybe is declaration to the changing media utilization example of the individuals today. Despite the fact that we dont see a quick danger to the print media, all the more so in light of the fact that it is a centuries old media, yet we trust it certainly isn't the media of things to come. In addition, electronic media is outwardly all the more engaging and progressively viable in passing on a message as well as by ethicalness of being a recurrence medium, is likewise viable in enrolling it, in this manner guaranteeing high brand review among watchers potential clients. For the sponsors and publicizing organizations, it furnishes energizing chances to explore different avenues regarding new and inventive thoughts which diminishes the medias reliance on conventional source Which is ideal? It

How History of Freight Trains Reflect Operation Management - 2200 Words

How History of Freight Trains Reflect Operation Management (Research Paper Sample) Content: How History of Freight Trains Reflect Operation ManagementNameInstitutionCourseDateHow History of Freight Trains Reflect Operation ManagementAbstractFreight shipments form an important part Americans railway transport. The freight trains play an important in the economy especially in moving of imports and exports using containers and for transportation of coal and oil. Americans freight railway system is uniquely profitable and therefore it has a lot of international attention from freight train companies from different parts of the world, with many sending representatives. The American freight railway system is run entirely by private companies that have made enormous investments in the industry. According to British magazine the Economist, the freight train system in America is regarded as the best in the industry. The purpose of writing this paper is to analyze how the history of freight trains in America reflects on the subjects of operation management.In order to understand the subject, I will analyze the train freight process. First we have the order perspective and train perspective. The order perspective involves receiving orders, booking trains for the particular orders and receiving containers and invoice. The train perspective involves finding the desired train depending on the cargo that needs to be transported. In the paper, I will show how the strategic operations of the freight railway systems have made the industry competitive and profitable. I will also discuss how specialized freight scheduling system is used to streamline the operations, control the cost and to respond to changes in demand in the railway industry. It is important to note that most of the transformations in the freight train industry occurred during the industrial revolution.Transformations in the freight train industryThe trains from the different parts of the world arrive at the bailey train yard where they are sorted and reassigned to ensure they arrive at t he desired destination. Everything that is produced in the United States is transported through the railway system. All the train activity in the railway yard is monitored from the computer screens of the command centre. In the command centre scheduling takes place where the movement of the trains is coordinated to ensure efficient operation of the train yard. By utilizing the latest computer control software, the command centre monitors all the traffic in the yard. Scheduling ensures the times the freight trains spend in the yard to be minimized by ensuring that traffic is controlled and sorted out in the shortest time possible (Aalam, 2014).The trains are then sorted in the classification yard where the incoming trains are reassigned to their intended destination. By using the latest computer technology, the speed of the train is controlled to ensure proper handling of the goods inside the containers. The destination of the computer is entered into the computer where scheduling ta kes place the ensuring that each train is directed to the track rail depending on the destination. When the trains arrive at the Bailey yard, mechanical maintenance that is vital to the operation of the freight system takes place.The trains are attended by a team of qualified technicians that refuel the trains, check the train oil, and shine the windscreen. The maintenance period is restricted to forty five minutes to ensure that the time taken for the freight trains is minimized. Time management is critical to proper operation of the trains. The bailey yard boosts of a locomotive repair depot, in the depot over 350 trains are serviced every day. The bailey yard has over 4000 union pacific employees that run the facility. To meet the production targets, the employees must ensure that the bailey yard is operation throughout the year. This ensures that congestion does not occur on both sides of the yard (Aalam, 2014).The transformation of the railway freight system to a multimillion d ollar industry started with rudimentary horse carts that were used to transport minerals from the mines. The carts were passed over steel rails. After 1830, carts pulled by horses were used to transport goods which later transformation resulting in the invention of steam engines that replaced the horses. The invention of the steam engine laid the foundation for the freight industry and by 1850, railway tracks had be built from the east coast to the great lakes. The railway system expanded very rapidly because the business was lucrative and had the potential to make a lot of money (Aalam, 2014).The rail system changed the landscape of America, creating new towns along the railway line, supplying the population with building materials and transporting of materials to markets in the east. In the 20th century railways continued to expand and develop faster than all the industries in the country. The American railway system was highly privatized, and this made it very competitive as the various companies claimed a share of the market. However, due to the infighting among the companies, there was lack of a system that ensured smooth operation of the railway industry, resulting into an inefficient system that could not meet customer due dates, hence the need for an operation management (Aalam, 2014).By the time the First World War started there were fears that the railway system cannot achieve the production targets. Hence, the federal government took over the management of the rail system. The federal government hoped to streamline the operation of the rail system by standardization in operating procedures and to make the railroads more efficient, productive and profitable. However, soon after the war the railway industry was returned to private enterprises. The return of the rail industry to the private sector resulted in the operation of the industry as a coordinated system; hence no government intervention was required. The operation of the rail system continued to expand and meet the demand for transportation of goods (Aalam, 2014).However, after the Second World War other means of transport such as the use of trucks emerged and this threatened to derail the progress the railway system had made in terms of profitability and the availability of goods for transportation. To respond to the external competition from trucks, the railway industry introduced some transformations to make their operations more efficient hence retain and attract more customers. The changes included: the merging of the private companies to from one powerful company and upgrading the trains and modernizing their operations. Fast forward to today and locomotives are still the preferred choice to move goods over long distances (Aalam, 2014)..To ensure that the railway industry remains the undisputed leader in the industry, a number of transformations in their operation management are needed. These changes include the manufacturing of more powerful locomotives that will ensure faster delivery of goods and services. The advanced locomotives are being assembled at General Electric Motors where modern pieces of equipment are installed in the locomotives and more fuel efficient engines are installed. The use of more fuel efficient engine reduces the cost of fuel which has a direct impact on the overall operational cost of the locomotives making them more profitable. The manufacturing of the new locomotives on the assembly line is automated, and there is the division of labor that ensures that process is efficient by having workers work on different sections of the train (Aalam, 2014).After the manufacturing is done, the new locomotive is high sophisticated with a better fuel management system and increased speeds. The new locomotives are better than the earlier locomotives that used coal or burned wood. The earlier locomotives were not efficient, their size was small and had limited power, they polluted the environment at alarming rates and their deliv ery time for goods was inefficient due to the low speeds. With the invention of the diesel engines, steam engines were phased out. The steam engines were highly labor intensive and required high maintenance, this increased the cost of operation significantly (Aalam, 2014).The modern locomotives have been manufactured with latest engineering technology and, therefore, they carry million tonnes of goods and an overcome highly steep terrain such as hills. The earlier locomotives required a distance of about a mile after applying the brakes for the train to stop. This was very inefficient and often resulted in accidents that lead to loss of lives and damage to the cargo. This made the operation risky and inefficient interns of safety. The personnel that applied brakes the brakes worked in a dangerous environment and some would die by been thrown off the top of the train (Aalam, 2014).The safety of personnel is fundamental to successful operation management and success of a business; hen ce engineers had to find more efficient ways to stop the locomotives. These lead to the invention of airbrakes. Airbrakes used compressed air from the locomotive to engage and disengage the brakes. Modern braking systems uses dynamic braking system, a more advanced technology that reduces the operation cost and maintenance costs, by reducing tear on the airbrake shoes (Aalam, 2014).The use of containers has revolutionized the freight railway industry. Containers are easily transferred from one mode of transport to another. The use of freight trains to carry goods using containers helps in traffic reduction. This helps the operation of the cities as with reduced congestion in the city people are able to do travel in an efficient manner, and this helps to improve the economy of America.By having less traffic, the American roads are less likely to develop potholes. With an improvement in technology, some of the containers are refrigera...

The Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror - 1321 Words

The Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Introduction September 11, 2001 changed the United States forever. This disastrous attack on the Pentagon and the twin towers at the World Trade Center destroyed the lives of thousands of people. Over 3,000 people were killed, including hundreds or firefighters and policemen, many of which were never found. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Arab nations. The war on terror declared by the Bush Administration, had become one of the most important issues in the United States during that time and still is today. However, it did not always protect those that needed to be protected. There was the detention of potential suspects who were held without the right to habeas corpus. There†¦show more content†¦S. Constitution. The habeas corpus has only been officially suspended twice since its inception. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln suspended the habeas corpus in Maryland and some Midwestern states due to riots and threats that Maryland would secede from the Union. The second suspension of habeas corpus took place in the early 1870’s when President Ulysses S. Grand responded to civil rights violations by the Ku Klux Klan (The Rutherford Institute). Since the September 11th terrorists attacks, President Bush attempted several times to revoke the writ of habeas corpus. An example would be denying the detainees of Guantanamo Bay habeas corpus by granting him the power to be able to revoke habeas corpus for all citizens. By passing the Military Commissions Act of 2006, habeas corpus was eliminated by allowing non-citizen enemy combatants to be held indefinitely in a military prison without access to a lawyer (The Rutherford Institute). Since that time the denial of habeas corpus has been challenged. Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror After the terrorist’s attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched the war on terror. The terms â€Å"illegal combatant† and enemy combatant† became popular during this campaign. Bush wanted to let the world know that if you are not with the United States then it was assumed you were on the side of the terrorists. The Administration’s policies and methods were questioned the Patriot Act wasShow MoreRelatedthe right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror621 Words   |  3 PagesWrite an essay about the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror. Your essay should address the following subtopics: Explain the historical evolution of habeas corpus, including its English and American traditions. The explanation of its evolution within the American tradition should include the general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its relationship to the protection of other civil liberties. Provide examples from U.S. history ofRead MoreThe Right Of Habeas Corpus1531 Words   |  7 Pages The war on terror seems to be a never ending story, especially with the current events such as the beheading of two Americans by the terrorist group ISIS. These are barbaric people,whom have no regards for human life, and they need to be stopped.Which brings me to the issue of habeas corpus, and the rights or civil liberties of detainees who have been deemed enemy combatants. To understand the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror, you must first understand the historical evolutionRead MoreHabeas Corpus And The War On Terror1072 Words   |  5 PagesTo understand Habeas Corpus and how it has played its part in the war on terror, a look at what it is and how it started should be looked at. Habeas Corpus, (â€Å"you should have the body†), is an old legal procedure that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment. It is issued by a judge and does not determine whether the individual is guilty or innocent, but whether they are illegally impriso ned. If the charges are considered valid, the individual will go to trial, if not, the personRead MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror979 Words   |  4 Pages 1 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Pol 201 American National Government Instructor: Gregory Di Cerbo September 20, 2012 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror 2 Since SeptemberRead MoreThe Habeas Corpus Law in the US1416 Words   |  6 Pages Habeas Corpus U.S. Introduction Many may not know this but following his inauguration, President Obama did put in some orders to basically just shut down the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay within one year. However, about two years later, nevertheless, Obamas plan to close Guantanamo is in disasters. In excess of 180 prisoners that still remain at Guantanamo, and new legislation is making it tremendously problematic to transfer extra prisoners from the naval base. Defense Secretary Robert GatesRead MorePOL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror36705 Words   |  147 PagesLiberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror http://homeworkmonster.com/downloads/pol-201-week-5-final-paper-civil-liberties-habeas-corpus-war-terror/ POL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is to give you an opportunity to apply much of what you have learned about American national government to an examination of civil liberties in the context of the war on terror. The FinalRead MoreThe United States1941 Words   |  8 PagesStates, habeas corpus became a legal act after the country established its independence. The request for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus is made before a judge and, if granted, a prisoner must be brought before the judge. For instance, it is known that Abraham Lincoln detained people known for being Confederate spies without proving their guilt. The concept of the writ of habeas corpus will be a bridge between the study of the Constitutional beginnings of America and the Civil War. In a sectionRead MoreHabeas Corpus : Historical Background3278 Words   |  14 PagesSuspension of Habeas Corpus: Historical Background The government has often engaged in the suspension of habeas corpus in times of wars and insurrections. This practice is by no means new, and goes back as far as the Civil War. An analysis of this practice shows that it is, at best, a short term measure. In the recent past, the US Supreme Court took up this topic in the context of the war on terrorism, and their findings-and the analysis that support those findings-reinforces this position. Habeas corpusRead MoreReweneable Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesHabeas Corpus Monica Cruz Ashford University POL 201 Jamie Way May 5, 2013 Our country has certain laws that protect both civilians and prisoners. This law was given a name as Habeas Corpus Act. Habeas Corpus comes from the word Latin which means â€Å"May you have the body† stated in the (Encyclopedia.gov). This law Habeas Corpus states that an accused must be brought before a judge and there must be sufficient evidence and reason of why the accused is being sent to jail.Read MoreHow Should We Treat Non American Prisoners1274 Words   |  6 PagesPrisoners in American Prisons The war on terror has changed how our country sees many things from travel, privacy rights, security levels and a person’s right to due process. The rights of accused terrorists have been stripped due to the need for intelligence on future attacks as well as locations and persons involved in the larger group. How does this loss of personal rights reflect on our country and the fundamentals it was founded on? Habeas corpus refers to the right to get direct access to federal

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) - 1291 Words

Genetically Engineered Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms or (GMOs) have become a very large part of today’s economy and food distribution. Globalization 101 presents a good definition, â€Å"A GMO is an organism (either a virus, a bacterium, or a more complex life-form) whose genetic makeup has been altered by humans for a specific purpose. (â€Å"Genetically Modified Organisms,† n.d.).† Billion dollar crop corporations, farmers, and food distributors all use GMOs to maximize their production efforts. Whether it be on a small scale, such as a family farm or on a national setting with a company the size of General Mills; this scientific advancement has proved to be extremely useful. This technology has allowed for crops to produce higher†¦show more content†¦However, research has been done questioning whether or not â€Å"playing God† and manipulating the genetics of food is worth the risks it may present to the human population. Today, with use of GMOs, the DNA from se veral organisms may be combined to create desirable effects or changes in crops. Through the use of gene transfer, the genetic makeup of these modified organisms may contain genes from: plant, bacteria, animal, and viruses. Early forms of the GMO concept could be traced back to the process of â€Å"selective breeding†. Through selective breeding it was possible to breed for desirable traits. â€Å"Through selective breeding, farmers and ranchers have introduced valued traits into crops and livestock for centuries. It was selective breeding, for example, that produced two main species in the grass family, wheat and rye. Some farmers focused on breeding a grass that was rugged (resulting in rye), and other farmers focused on breeding grass with a high yield (wheat). By identifying and â€Å"crossing† grasses that exhibited the desired traits, farmers were able to breed these two distinct species.† (â€Å"Genetically Modified Organisms,† n.d.). However, modern alterations are much more technologically advanced and possess stronger effects. An article from the University of Utah Health Sciences Department gives a good example using a tomato plant that is constantly attacked by insects. They give this situation, stating that a farmer wants

Ethics in Information Technology Augmented Reality Games

Question: Discuss about theEthics in Information Technology for Augmented Reality Games. Answer: The Analysis: The newspaper report discusses the augmented reality game Pokmon GO and its craze that has followed after its release. The players of the game roam around in the real world to capture Pokmon moving in the virtual world. Players move around PokeStops to collect rewards and Pokmon which result in flash mobs. Such a PokeStop in a park in St. Claire Shore, Michigan was presented in the article presented by Kartikey Mehrotra (2016). The author discusses the ruckus created by the players and the futile steps taken to reduce it. Although complaints were lodged little has been done to stop the menace. What is Going on? In the news report, the authors discuss menace due to augmented reality (AR) game named Pokmon GO. The AR game, a scavenger hunt allows players to hunt for virtual world Pokmon' in the real world with the help of their mobile phones. The application uses maps and GPS of player to inform location of nearby Pokmon and once found the creature appears on the phone superimposed to the real world (Dunleavy Dede, 2014). This has resulted in a flash mob at a different location around the countries. One such place St. Clair Shores, Michigan has been presented to discuss the ruckus created due to the game which has resulted in the filing of a lawsuit against its makers. The players in a craze to collect Pokmon, trespass properties and even hide in bushes to avoid police so that they can play the game after the park has been closed (Michigan couple sues Pokmon maker claiming neighbourhood unsafe with gamers, 2016). What are the Facts? Augmented reality (AR) is the superimposition of the virtual world over the reality. AR, unlike virtual reality, overlays virtual information upon the real world instead of creating an artificial environment (Dunleavy Dede, 2014). Due to the superimposition of virtual over real, the game becomes addictive thus resulting in the menaces. There have been many incidents related to this game like the game takes to weird unknown places. The game has been so famous that a player can take Uber' to catch a Pokmon. There had been more than 15 million downloads in the USA itself, which give us an idea how famous this game has become (Should You Believe Those Pokmon Go Download Numbers? - BBC News, 2016). What are the Issues? The game collects an enormous amount of data and needs full access to GPS and camera, which could be used spying (Smith Chris, 2016). The game has resulted in driving accidents and trespassing as the players are using the program while moving on the road, even an armed robbery of the players have been reported (Rogers, 2016). In Vancouver the Pokmon were sighted even in police headquarters, thus forcing them issue caution for city residents. There had been similar problems everywhere the game had been released thus forcing governments to ban the games in their country. The countries who have banned the game are Iran and Malaysia. Even countries like Canada are weighing the option of banning the game (Hounslow, 2016). Who is Affected? The reach of the game has been massive, and its inception has seen and exponential growth. Although the exact figure of the download is not known an estimated 10 million downloads has been done till July 2016 (Pokmon Go fastest mobile game to 10M downloads, 2016). People who download the game start scavenging for the creatures. This has resulted in huge footfall at various places affecting the life of the people surrounding players. Although the report of revived economy at different locations has been recorded, still the problems keep arising due to its addiction (Serino et al., 2016). Players of the game had been involved in accidents and have caused community disturbances. Hence governments like the USA are proposing regulation for public safety (Staff, 2016). What are the Ethical Issues and their Implications? Augmented reality games are relatively new to the users. The games like Pokmon GO are so persuasive that players are ready to cross lines to achieve targets. If the intentions of the programmer are not adequately understood, this could lead information theft. Taking responsible for one's action is a great human trait. But the game which has been the causing of a ruckus to its players and the neighbourhood will never take responsibility for the actions (Heimo et al., 2014). This puts Pokmon go in an awful shape. AR offers options that have been preprogrammed in it. Hence the interactions are limited, and the players have little options. This makes the game very persuasive and more harmful. What Could be Done about it? The game, as can be seen, is very persuasive, and steps should be taken to restrict the damage it has done. Due to the menaces created the communities are even pelting the players to fend them off the neighbourhood (New shortstop for Pokmon Go fanatics, 2016), even pellet guns are shot to fend the players (Allen, 2016). Some governments are banning the game, and some are creating regulations to limits its use and ensure safety. What are the Options? Damages caused due to players have created concern among the general mass of people. The death and the accidents that have been caused should be taken seriously. Some options that can be taken to deter the damages are: Strict rules against law defaulters Total ban on the game Restricting the game to fewer places Which Option is the Best and Why? The laws of the land are the best way to deter one from committing a crime, but the addiction to game reduces the consciousness of the player and thus is ineffective (Pase, 2012). A total ban on the game is a viable option as it entirely eliminates the possibility of mistakes but this way the user experience is limited and the people will not be able to experience AR (Staff, 2016). The best available option is to design games in such a way that keeps the players away from nuisance spots thus removing possibility of any accident. References: Allen, S. (2016). Woman Shoots at Pokemon GO Players with a Pellet Gun. CW33 NewsFix. Retrieved 13 August 2016, from https://cw33.com/2016/07/26/woman-shoots-at-pokemon-go-players-with-a-pellet-gun/ Dunleavy, M., Dede, C. (2014). Augmented reality teaching and learning. InHandbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Heimo, O. I., Kimppa, K. K., Helle, S., Korkalainen, T., Lehtonen, T. (2014, May). Augmented reality-Towards an ethical fantasy?. InEthics in Science, Technology and Engineering, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Hounslow, Lucy. "Gotta Catch 'Em All: How Business Can Cash In On Pokemon GO".The Sydney Morning Herald. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. New shortstop for Pokmon Go fanatics. (2016). Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2016, from https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/rhodes-pokstops-removed-from-park-after-residents-complain-about-thousands-of-pokhunters-in-their-neighbourhood/news-story/7465c4ba035af4dca20b5ca8385cedbe Pase, S. (2012). Ethical Considerations in Augmented Reality Applications. InProceedings of the 2012 EEE International Conference on e-Learning, e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and e-Government. Rogers, "Death By Pokemon? Public Safety Fears Mount As 'Pokemon GO' Craze Continues | Fox News".Fox News. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. Serino, M., Cordrey, K., McLaughlin, L., Milanaik, R. L. (2016). Pokemon Go and augmented virtual reality games: a cautionary commentary for parents and paediatricians.Current opinion in paediatrics. Should You Believe Those Pokemon Go Download Numbers? - BBC News.BBC News. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. Staff, Editorial. "Iran Becomes The First Country To Completely Ban Pokmon Go".NextShark. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. Staff, Editorial. "Pokmon GO Has Gotten So Hot That The Government Is Looking To Regulate It".NextShark. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Aug. 2016.

The conflict of Self Essay Example For Students

The conflict of Self Essay The best way to sum up Nel and Sula lies in a quote from the novel Sula. Morrison tells the reader that two very different black girls grew up in the Bottom. The first speaks of Nel, described by the narrator as one whose parents had succeeded in rubbing her down to a dull glow any sparkle or sputter she had (24). A townswoman describes when Sula drank beer she never belched (136). Obviously these two characters are extremely diverse. Sula felt no regret, and Nel was a nobody. Through different settings, conflicts, and diction both Sula and Nels conflicts of finding and accepting their selves arises and makes them who they are (McClain 366). In keeping with the idea that Sula and Nel are compliments to one another, it is fitting that the meaning of their names symbolically compliment each other. Nel, knell, connotes the long dreary sound that a bell makes announcing the death, or tragedy of someone. On the other hand Sula, Solyman, means The Magnificent (Mickelson 315). The meanings of their names are not a coincidence. Morrison wrote the novel Sula in the core of the revived feminist movement (Smith 324). Therefore Morrisons name choice had a great deal to do with her views on femininity. The author greatly admires the way that Sula embraces life and does not look back. Where as she looks down upon Nels follow-the-leader living style. Morrison seems to be motivating the audience to consider a more non-conformist view of life (Mickelson 316)In the literary world the end of most women that rebel end in death. This destiny does not spare Sula. Even on her death bed she holds her position of rejecting the Christian definition of goodness. She believes that only life matters; it alone must serve her whims, and that immortality becomes too high a price to pay for duty and suffering (Mickelson 316). Sula leaves the bottom and embraces the world. She only returns when her appetite for the world if satisfied. Nel on the other hand confirms to the Christian idea that pe rseverance and commitment will in the end have a greater outcome than earthly joy. Nel does just exactly what everyone expects of her. She marries, has kids, and spends her life caring for others and not thinking of herself. An individuals job must be to embrace their whole person-the good, the bad, the fears, the regrets, and even hope and loss. If an individual can not blend two conflicting components of identity together, he then cannot become one. The individual cannot react in certain situations and thus must mimic someone on how to feel. A weak self can surrender totally to the will and power of a stronger self, or the weak self can part of the stronger self, almost as a possession. In a crisis Nels calm and quiescent nature surfaces (Schapiro 307). But all of Sulas being explodes into a mighty and even ferocious action (Mickelson 315). Morrison describes the two being so close that they themselves had difficulty distinguishing ones thoughts from the others (75). Each of the g irls must seek their own self through seeking the other. In this blurring of selves they instead of becoming more distinguished in their own being, they worked until the two holes were one and the same (58). Morrison used Sula and Nel as representations of rebellion and conformity rather than as individual characters with their own minds and motivation. Anne Mickelson writes that Sula:Exceeds boundaries, creates excitement, tries to break free of encroachments of external cultural forces and challenges destiny. Believing that an unpatterned, unconditioned life is possible, Sula tries to avoid uniformity by creating her own kind of life (315)But the author does not just leave the reader to think that Sula made the decision to rebel with out having due cause. She steps in with an armload of explanations distributed over several pages. Sula had inherited her grandmothers arrogance and her mothers self-indulgence; she had never felt any obligation to please someone unless their pleasure pleased her; she was as willing to receive pain as to give it; she had never been the same since she overheard her mother explain that she loved Sula but did not like her; the boys Chicken Little drowning had closed something off in her (316)Literary criticizer does not mention Nel. Maybe she feels that her conformed so much that it explaining it isnt necessary and especially not as interesting as Sulas defiance. .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .postImageUrl , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:visited , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:active { border:0!important; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:active , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical Fitness Essay We will write a custom essay on The conflict of Self specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now So at the end of the novel who wins? Each one of them never truly found what they sought for individually. But what they had all along was one another. Together Sula and Nel were a whole person. But Sula probably never knew it. Nel did not see it until it was too late. Sulas life exemplifies that of a defiant gesture which in her mind liberates her to an extent, and keeps her from pitying herself. Her pride steers from the fact that she walks through life with no blinders on. Yet no happy ending comes for Sula. She dies in loneliness, not in freedom (Mickelson 316). The town does not even do anything about her death for three days. But Nel is left with a fine cryloud and longbut it had no bottom and it had no to, just circles and circles of sorrow (Morrison 174). So in the end each of them prove that the do need love, and each other. They are part of one another. Bibliography:

Free Essays on Is The First Act Of Othello Needed

‘Q) What case would you argue for both of these opinions? 1) ‘Without act one the audience would never understand the evil of Iago or the shaky foundations of the relationship between Othello and Desdemona’ The play ‘Othello’ opens in the streets if Venice. Without these opening scenes I believe not only the structure of the play would be lost but also Shakespeare’s talent for immersing the audiences into the lives of his central characters. It is in these first few scenes that we are introduced to the scheming Iago, the over-trusting Rodrigo, the fair Desdemona and most importantly, Othello the tragic protagonist of the play. Shakespeare begins the play of Othello in the midst of an argument between Iago and Rodrigo. As the first characters that we are introduced to the audience become aware almost from the onset that not only are these characters important but the ‘thick lips’ that they discuss is also incredibly important. Shakespeare, in this opening scene is able to begin with a rush, but still provide, or imply, a lot of background information, this only keeps the audience interested in the play but also helps keep the pace. Even though predominantly Othello is a tragedy of love the opening scene does not begin with a direct introduction of the lovers. Instead, the play begins, and Desdemona and Othello are introduced, with a conversation between Iago, the villain of the play and Roderigo. I This opening conversation does much to depict the characters of Roderigo and Iago. Rodrigo is not very intelligent and is easily swindled out of money and actually trusts the sly Iago. Although wealthy, he is a weak and gullible man who is probably swindled often. On the other hand, Iago is pictured as a determined man who knows what he wants. He is also shown to be intelligent, with an excellent insight into human nature. He has no respect for Roderigo and simply uses him for monetary reasons. ... Free Essays on Is The First Act Of Othello Needed Free Essays on Is The First Act Of Othello Needed ‘Q) What case would you argue for both of these opinions? 1) ‘Without act one the audience would never understand the evil of Iago or the shaky foundations of the relationship between Othello and Desdemona’ The play ‘Othello’ opens in the streets if Venice. Without these opening scenes I believe not only the structure of the play would be lost but also Shakespeare’s talent for immersing the audiences into the lives of his central characters. It is in these first few scenes that we are introduced to the scheming Iago, the over-trusting Rodrigo, the fair Desdemona and most importantly, Othello the tragic protagonist of the play. Shakespeare begins the play of Othello in the midst of an argument between Iago and Rodrigo. As the first characters that we are introduced to the audience become aware almost from the onset that not only are these characters important but the ‘thick lips’ that they discuss is also incredibly important. Shakespeare, in this opening scene is able to begin with a rush, but still provide, or imply, a lot of background information, this only keeps the audience interested in the play but also helps keep the pace. Even though predominantly Othello is a tragedy of love the opening scene does not begin with a direct introduction of the lovers. Instead, the play begins, and Desdemona and Othello are introduced, with a conversation between Iago, the villain of the play and Roderigo. I This opening conversation does much to depict the characters of Roderigo and Iago. Rodrigo is not very intelligent and is easily swindled out of money and actually trusts the sly Iago. Although wealthy, he is a weak and gullible man who is probably swindled often. On the other hand, Iago is pictured as a determined man who knows what he wants. He is also shown to be intelligent, with an excellent insight into human nature. He has no respect for Roderigo and simply uses him for monetary reasons. ...

By Invitation Marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12750 words

By Invitation Marketing - Dissertation Example A luxury brand is a lifestyle concept hence to enhance its market share and augment its brand image the marketing strategies are designed to be exclusive and aimed at a niche society. ‘By Invitation, Only Marketing’ is the absolute endeavour towards building brand name amongst renowned celebrities and revered heroes – thus making the brand presence symbolic of luxury, splendour, indulgence and opulence with the supreme object to gratify and foster the intense desire of conspicuous consumption of the consumers. Aim: The prime aim of this dissertation is to sustain an intensive research study especially in the field of marketing through exclusive invitation which is vogue in practice amongst the niche-selling trends of the luxury brands and delve deep into consumer minds analyzing the cause and effect, the influence and impact of the innate zeal towards indulgence in conspicuous consumption. Realization and Results: In the process of the extensive research study it is gradually observed and assessed that the exclusivity marketing trend in effect is evolving the consumer perceptions and preferences towards a universal, more globalized outlook. In reality, the luxury brands which strategizes on specialized and more personalized marketing orientation – they not only identify and establish the permutations and combinations of developing a successful brand but also connect the celebrities with the people from around the world and reduce a global cultural unity unified with the brand image. This chapter scrutinizes and surveys the entire analysis and inspection in addition to assessing the background in regards to the impact of exclusive marketing strategies with the help of both secondary and primary data, which is elaborated in details in the Analysis section. This chapter expands on the ‘Invitation Only Marketing’ exploring on the consumer conception on conspicuous consumption – in the process finalizing on the driving force and critically pointing out the advantages of luxury branding and marketing strategies.  Ã‚  

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and Assignment

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and the Society - Assignment Example As the report stresses numerous types of wireless correspondence systems exist; however, a distinguishing quality of a wireless network is that correspondence takes the spot between PC devices. These devices incorporate personal advanced assistant’s laptops, personal computers, servers, and printers. PC devices have processors, memory, and a means of interfacing with a specific kind of network. Customary mobile phones do not fall inside of the meaning of a PC device; in any case, more up to date phones and even sound headsets are starting to fuse figuring power and network adapters. In the end, most electronics will offer wireless network connections. According to the discussion findings wireless networks are networks that are not joined by cables of any sort. The use of a wireless network enables enterprises to maintain a strategic distance from the costly process of bringing cables into buildings or as an association between distinctive gear locations. The wireless systems' basis is radio waves, a usage that takes place at the physical level of network structure. Wireless networks use radio waves to unite devices such as laptops to the Internet, the business network and applications. At the point when laptops are joined with Wi-Fi problem areas out in the open places, the association is established to that business' wireless network. As with networks based on wire, or optical fiber, wireless networks pass on data between PC devices. The data can take the type of email messages, site pages, and database records, streaming video or voice.

Theories on Cognitive Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories on Cognitive Process - Essay Example In verbal communication, it is not enough to refer to actual words or phrases to decode the meaning of the speaker. There may be some nuances or shades of meaning to any particular word or phrase depending on the intention of the speaker, and likewise, the recipient of the communication. As such, the combination of any two statements spoken in succession or randomly may or may not have a relationship, and such a relationship may only be inferred. Philosopher Paul Grice introduced this concept of implicature, in which the relationship of two statements is implied but not required. Hearers routinely work under a set of assumptions in their interpretation of verbal communication, and this is where the problem of pragmatics surface. While these assumptions may be accurate, ambiguities and nuances in meaning may give lie to a presumed fact and while such ambivalence may not be immediately apparent, failure to allow for such circumstances may lead to a misinterpretation of the speaker's intention, leading to a breakdown in communications. Pragmatic interpretation is considered by from this argument many as a non-demonstrative inference process, in which there is no certainty of the correctness of the hearer's interpretation. Pragmatism in communication may make use of inference to det... There are several views by which pragmatic interpretation is viewed, one of which is where it is considered completely metapsychological. In this view, the Fodorian central processes or "theory of mind" is applied in which mind-reading is involved. The authors propose that a metacommunicative module may be developed from the application of the Fodorian central system in which ambiguities of verbal communication may be resolved. Grice believed that comprehension is attained through a calculation or "working-out schema" which upon reflection may seem to be rather tedious with the use of long chains of inferences, and not convincingly a person normally would pursue comprehension. It also underestimates the metapsychological aspect of comprehension. The current trend in cognitive studies is to view the mind is modular, and Grice concurs that this implementation of his approach may be a way to work out the presence of a conversational implicature intuitively. This modular view of the mind is based on the tendency in evolution to select systems that promote efficiency, and that many of these systems are genetically subscribed. In mind-reading, it is assumed that it is not a general purpose reasoning mechanism, but a dedicated module that "exploits the regularities in intentional behaviour" although it is uncertain how this mechanism works. There are many theories, such as the rationalization account which uses a form of belief-desire reasoning, the simulation account where intentions are attributed through acting out the action for interpretation, the Gricean account of implicaturs and relevance-theoretic accounts. It is suggested that within the

Essay --

The Islamic revolution in 1979 resulted in the collapse of the secular regime of the Pahlavi dynasty ruled by Muhammad Reza Shah in favour of an Islamic republic under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini. The revolution came about due to multiple internal and external social and political factors that mobilised the Iranian people. This essay will discuss the ways in which the people of Iran were discontented by the oppressive regime of the Shah and its various economic failures, the government’s programme of secularization and Westernisation and its close relationship with the United States, and how the views of Arabs internationally and in the Middle East affected the revival of Islamism in Iran. Mohammed Reza Shah’s oppressive regime motivated many people to protest against the social injustices carried out by the state. The government was wasteful, elitist and corrupt, and the people of Iran recognised it as such. The role of the secret police (the SAVAK) was heavily criticised by leftist, nationalist and Islamist movements for its political oppression and violent methods, which were seen by many factions of society as being violations of the Iranian Constitution of 1906. In 1975 the government abolished the existing two-party system and introduced a single political organization, the Resurgence Party, which all Iranians were required to join, thereby establishing their control over the people. The highly personalised system prevented competition, which led to dramatic divisions within the army and the political elite . The authoritarian system was subsequently undermined by the Shah’s indecisiveness and apparent weakness in the face of protest, which add ed momentum to the Islamists’ revolution. Because the regime was n... ... Middle East. The state of affairs in the Arab world is therefore linked to the need of many Muslims to return to a traditionally Islamic way of governance, and can thereby explain the vehement Islamic-oriented revolution in Iran. In conclusion, the corrupt regime and poor leadership of Muhammad Reza Shah created social injustice which the population protested, and the economic failures of the government alienated members of the Iranian population and incited revolutionaries to action. The attempted secularization and Westernization of Iran furthered the people’s discontent, and Khomeini’s movement heavily criticised Iran’s close relationship with the West. In Iran as well as in the Middle East as a whole there was a desire for a return to Islam provoked by events such as the June War. All these social and political factors contributed to emergence of a revolution.

Importance of Induction and Orientation Essay

1. Design safer systems of work: The most direct approach to ensuring a safe and healthy workplace is to design systems of work that are safe and without risk to health. This can often only be done satisfactorily at the design, planning or purchasing stage. It may be far more difficult to modify existing machinery or systems of work to eliminate or reduce hazards, than at the investment stage. Thus, management must take cognizance of long-term organizational changes to control hazards. Simply trying to persuade employees, for instance by poster campaigns, to adapt their behavior to unsafe systems of work is unacceptable. ‘Most accidents involve an element of failure in control – in other words failure in management skill. A guiding principle when drawing up arrangements for securing health and safety should be so far as possible work would be adapted to people and not vice versa’. As managers identify processes, machines and substances that are hazardous to the health and well-being of employees, they must modify the process to eliminate or reduce the hazard and risk ‘at source’. The provision of protective equipment is the typical means used by organizations to reduce physical hazards, and it is also an employer responsibility. 2. Exhibit commitment: No matter how much activity on health and safety is initiated by HR professionals, health and safety should be an integral part of every manager’s responsibility, from the chief executive officer down to the lowest level supervisor. Anything less than total support from top management raises questions about sincerity of the organization’s commitment in the eyes of employees, government agencies and the public at large. To exhibit commitment, managers’ salaries and promotion might be tied to a satisfactory safety record and compliance. Larger organizations have also appointed specialists in the area, including health and safety officers, safety engineer and medical technicians. If the safety officer is to be effective she or he must be given adequate authority in the management hierarchy to implement changes. 3. Inspect the workplace: Another proactive approach to the management of health and safety is regular formal inspections of the workplace, regular monitoring of the work environment and regular physical examination of employees. For example, construction sites and manufacturing plants require regular inspections to check the application of safety standards and relevant laws. Organizations may monitor a wide range of matters relating to employees’ health, from routine eye tests and chest X-rays to screening for breast and cervical cancer and incidents of infertility and abnormal childbirths. A ‘health’ survey of employees can also help identify hazardous and unhealthy processes. We can identify three main types of formal inspection, accident, special and general. Accident inspections will follow an accident or dangerous incident in the workplace. Special inspections might concentrate on a particular work station, system of work or hazard. The safety committee might decide that it is necessary to examine the training of fork-lift truck operators or dust problems; this would be the first step in a plan of action. A comprehensive survey of the entire workplace is the purpose of general inspection. 4. Establish procedures and controls: A healthy and safety policy is likely to fail unless there are effective procedures and controls established. The procedures for handling and safety problems need to meet some basic requirements: 1.Allow employees and union representatives to talk directly to the managers who can make decisions. 2.Operate without undue delay.  3.Be able to handle emergency problems and 4.Permit discussion about long-term decisions affecting health and safety. Clearly, these recommendations have important implications for HRM policy and action. Problems might occur if line managers are expected by senior management to be responsible for safe working practices, but at the same time are denied the authority to make decisions and implement changes. In principle, organizational procedures should ensure that the responsibility of each level of management to make decisions. The appointment of a safety officer may be a necessary prerequisite to establishing effective procedures and controls, but it is not sufficient. The position must be placed into the management hierarchy with clear lines of reporting and accountability, which will enable procedures for raising problems to operate without undue delay and avoid other managers absolving themselves from responsibilities. 5. Develop training programs: One way to obtain compliance with health and safety regulations is through enhancing employees’ knowledge, understanding and commitment, which can be achieved through healthy and safety programs. The purpose of safety training is generally the same as that of any other training program: to improve job knowledge and skills and to ensure optimum employee performance at the specified level. In health and safety training, specified performance standards include attention to safety rules and regulations regarding safe work behavior. Like any other training, health and safety training should be developed systematically. First, problems or training needs are identified by inspection, by accident reports, and through discussion at the health and safety committee. Next, planning, execution and evaluation of the training take place. Top management support is a key ingredient in the availability and success of health and safety training. 6. Set up health and safety committees: When health committees are not initiated by the union, organization often have safety committees which have employee members and are chaired by the safety or HRM specialist. Making the committee effective is mainly in the realm of senior management. A safety committee may develop into a ‘talking shop’ with no effective decision-making authority. To avoid this, a senior member of management team, with executive authority, should be a member of the committee. The functions of the committees, their terms of reference, depends on individual company policy, relevant safety legislation and the employee-union relations situation. Employers or their representatives are primarily responsible for compliance with health and safety laws. The existence of this committee does not diminish the employer’s duty to ensure a healthy and safe workplace. The work of the safety committee should supplement management’s arrangements for regular and effective monitoring for health and safety precautions; it cannot be a substitute for management action. All forms of safety matters reduce the incidence of accidents. 7. Monitor policy Safety specialists argue that the safety policy should reflect the employer’s commitment to develop safe systems of work, and to pursue a healthy work environment. Apart from giving details of the specialist safety services provided by the organization, the safety policy also outlines the safety responsibilities of all levels of management within the hierarchy. This part of the safety policy is particularly important for identifying which member of the management hierarchy should be involved when a health and safety problem arises in the workplace. A proactive approach would involve HRM professionals regularly checking to ensure that safety policy; management procedures and arrangements work, and are changed to suit new developments or work structures in the workplace. 8. Draw up action plan Thorough preparation, including designing a comprehensive set of checklists covering all aspects of the workplace, is essential if managers are to discover physical hazards. HRM professionals can be more proactive in the area of health and safety be developing an action plan and checklist.

The Civil War And The Reconstruction Period Essay

Introduction: American Industrialization emerged from the ruins of the Civil War and the †¦ of the Reconstruction Period. Spurred by the new manufacturing technologies brought over from Great Britain, and the rest of Europe, factories and mills began emerging across the American landscape, slowly transforming the United States from an agrarian society to one increasingly industrialized and urbanized. From 1860-1900, the nation of rural towns, local crafts, family farms, and regional business, became dominated by sprawling cities, enormous commercial farms and powerful corporations. By the turn of the twentieth century, the United States of America, had become a major power base, with the birth of factories and mills, the burgeoning of cities, the continued westward expansion, and the creation of the transcontinental railroad. However, just as America was welcomed into her glory, the country was riddled with the evils of poverty, mass consumerism, labour disruption, and increasing political, c ultural, and environmental conflicts. Prior to 1860, America was a geographically isolated society, however with the advent of the transcontinental railroad, America became interconnected. In 1861, Congress authorized the joining of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railways. The Irish immigrants, and Southern African Americans of the Union Pacific railroad, and the Chinese immigrants of the Union Pacific worked tirelessly for eight years, until on May, 10, 1869, the twoShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War And Reconstruction Periods1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Unfinished Revolution The Civil War and Reconstruction periods had many positive outcomes for America, such as the reunification of the Union, the expansion of the North and South’s economy, education for all, and much more. Although there were many positive results from these two periods, there was also an aftermath of much failure. The post Civil War, and Reconstruction period consisted of the formation of the Ku Klux Klan and the black code laws. Despite the fact that African American’s wereRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Period Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War and Reconstruction period provided African American people with a legal definition of citizenship through three constitutional amendments. Beginning with the 13th Amendment slavery was abolished, then 14th Amendment provided equal protection under the law, and lastly the 15th Amendment allowed all men, including African Americans, the ability to vote. 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